Sources

One numbered list for the whole account. Each chapter cites these numbers in square brackets. Grades: A read from the original; B index or transcription; C derived; D tree data only. Our working files, which hold the full readings, are named after each source so that every citation can be traced (all under genealogy/dewulf/).

Register entries read from the originals (grade A)

• S1. Torhout, civil registration 1913, birth act no. 135: Sidon Gerard Dewulf, born 22 May 1913. Scan on FamilySearch, DGS 102866189, image 49; a copy saved with the author's permission, raw/familysearch/fs_102866189_img049_torhout_1913.jpg. Reading: evidence/image_1913_birth_sidon.md.
• S2. Torhout, civil registration, births 1879, act no. 136: Victor Dewulf, born 20 May 1879. FamilySearch DGS 4832504, images 333-334 (the same register is AGATHA 51916). Reading: evidence/image_1879_birth_victor.md.
• S3. Lichtervelde, civil registration, marriages 1875, act no. 19: Desiderius Dewulf and Barbara Hillewaere, 28 April 1875. FamilySearch DGS 4832477, image 763. Reading: evidence/image_1875_marriage_desiderius_hillewaere.md.
• S4. Torhout, civil registration, births 1841, act no. 76: Desiré Dewulf, born 11 March 1841. FamilySearch DGS 4832498, image 969. Reading: evidence/image_1841_birth_desire.md.
• S5. Torhout, civil registration 1834, act no. 434: marriage of Carel De Wulf and Eugenia Borra, 23 October 1834. FamilySearch DGS 4832498, image 106. Reading: evidence/image_1834_marriage_carel_borra.md.
• S6. Handzame, civil registration, marriages Year V: marriage of Joannes Baptiste de Wulf and Anna Theresia de Corte, 2 February 1797. FamilySearch DGS 4794472, images 117-118. Reading: evidence/image_1797_marriage_jb_decorte.md.
• S7. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, baptisms 1741-1760: Joannes Baptista, born 28 November 1758 (image 0_0757), and Anna, born 10 September 1757 (image 0_0745). State Archives of Belgium, AGATHA 41688. Readings: evidence/image_1758_baptism_joannes_baptista.md, evidence/image_1718_baptism_adrianus.md.
• S8. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, marriages 1737-1760 (AGATHA 41700/41701, image 0_1726): Adrianus De Wulf and Joanna Theresia de Vuldere, 11 May 1756. Reading: evidence/image_1756_marriage_adrianus_devuldere.md.
• S9. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, baptisms 1704-1741 (AGATHA 41687): Adrianus Judocus, 5 October 1718 (image 0_0556); Joannes Baptista, 22 July 1716 (0_0546); Adrianus, son of Jacobus de Wolf, 29 November 1722 (0_0571); Joannes Xaverius de Wolf, 6 February 1720 (0_0561); Petrus Jacobus, 20 July 1705 (0_0518); Petronella, 12 August 1708 (0_0526); Victoria, 4 January 1714 (0_0538); Anna Theresia Kesteloot, 6 May 1738 (0_0643); the 1719-1721 baptisms read in full (0_0557-0_0564). Readings: evidence/image_1718_baptism_adrianus.md, evidence/image_casteele_children_godparents.md.
• S10. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, baptisms 1673-1704 (AGATHA 41686): Judocus, 20 February 1699 (image 0_0497); the twins Henricus and Leonardus, 1 March 1701 (0_0506); Maria Godeleva, 6 January 1703 (0_0510). Reading: evidence/image_casteele_children_godparents.md.
• S11. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, burials: Judocus de Wulf, 24 June 1705 (AGATHA 41698, image 0_1651); Ludovicus De Wolf, 6 December 1720 (AGATHA 41698, image 0_1668); Ludovicus dewulf, 5 December 1732 (0_1690); Maria Vande Casteele, widow, 28 March 1751 (AGATHA 41700, image 0_1765). Reading: evidence/image_burials_ludovicus_casteele.md.

• S12. Handzame, Sint-Hadrianus parish, burials 1752-1775 (AGATHA 32951, image 0_0273): Maria Anna de Wulf, daughter of Jacobus, died 30 January 1760. Reading: FINDINGS.md (2026-09-23, "WARNING about the index date").

• S13. Torhout, civil registration, births of the children of Carel Dewulf and Eugenia Borra: Romania, 7 April 1837 (act 174, AGATHA 51842, image 0_0446); Jan, 1 November 1838 (act 423, 51842, 0_0651); Carel Louis, 24 July 1843 (act 152, 51843, 0_0247); Augustin, 23 December 1846 (act 194, 51843, 0_0664); Felix, 14 December 1850 (act 238, 51847, 0_0170). Readings: records/fetch_dewulf_records.py (READ).

• S14. Torhout, civil registration, births of the children of Desiderius Dewulf and Barbara Hillewaere: Alidor, act 124 of 1876 (AGATHA 51907, image 0_0842); Hector Petrus, act 5 of 1878 (51913, 0_0098); Herminie Marie, act 250 of 1880 (51919, 0_0535); René Joseph, act 57 of 1882 (51925, 0_0860); Gustave Octave Pieter, act 112 of 1883 (51928, 0_0029-0_0030); Henri Joseph, act 219 of 1884 (51931, 0_0193). Readings: records/fetch_dewulf_records.py (READ).
• S15. Kortemark, Sint-Bartholomeus parish, betrothals and marriages 1603-1621 (bound with the Moerkerke registers), AGATHA 34662, images 0_0046-0_0060: Gerardus de Wulf senior, witness, May 1607 (0_0047); Charles (Carolus) Dewulf, betrothed 16 January 1610 (0_0049); read in full for Jan Dewulf and Joanna Verhelst (not found). Reading: evidence/kortemark_marriages_1604_1621_scan.md.
• S16. Zarren, Sint-Dionysius parish, registers 1617-1688, FamilySearch film 8413466 (film 293333): marriages 1617-1628 (images 241-245) and baptisms 1617-1651 (images 153-230) read in full for the family (not found); burials of Joannes de Leu, 23 March 1673 (image 582), and of his widow Joanna Verelst, 24 February 1679 (image 590), a different family. Copies of the pages cited were saved with the author's permission (raw/familysearch/). Readings: evidence/zarren_baptisms_1624_1651_scan.md, FINDINGS.md.
• S17. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, baptisms 1760-1780 (AGATHA 41689, IIIF 513_9000_001_00953_000), water-damaged: Maria, 8 October 1761 (image 0_0785); Isabella, 1 May 1763 (0_0798); Rosa, 27 March 1765 (0_0809); Angela, 16 January 1767 (0_0821); Rosalia, 2 March 1768 (0_0830); Cornelius, 10 February 1770 (0_0844); Angela Victoria, 12 December 1773 (0_0871); other Dewulfs of Torhout and Kortemark on the same pages. Reading: evidence/torhout_baptisms_1760_1780_scan.md.
• S18. Torhout, civil registration, births of the children of Jean Baptiste de Wulf and Anne Therese de Corte: Charles, 25 Frimaire Year XIV (AGATHA 51837, image 0_0967); Colete, 19 December 1806 (AGATHA 51838, image 0_0084); Colete Victoire, 13 August 1809 (AGATHA 51838, image 0_0673). Readings: records/fetch_dewulf_records.py.
• The civil acts S2-S6 were first read on FamilySearch and re-read on the clearer AGATHA copies, which carry the same image numbers: S2 = AGATHA 51916; S3 = AGATHA 51811 (Lichtervelde 1871-1875); S4 and S5 = AGATHA 51842; S6 = AGATHA 50404 (Handzame 1796-1801).

Later copies and indexes (grade B)

• S20. Kortemark, "Oude kerkregisters", alphabetical tables of baptisms and burials made in 1861 from the lost or unfilmed parish registers. FamilySearch DGS 8441212: baptisms, Dewulf, images 78-79; burials, Dewulf, images 288-289. The same tables are on AGATHA: baptisms 30797 (image 0_0073-0_0074), marriages 30798 (0_0036), burials 30799 (0_0074). Each row gives the page of the lost original register. Readings: FINDINGS.md (2026-09-23).
• S21. State Archives of Belgium, AGATHA, "Analyses of records": the index of West Flemish parish and civil acts, compiled by volunteers. Entries used: index/dewulf_torhout.tsv, index/pateel_joos2.txt.
• S22. The same database, project SVGWVL: the index of the staten van goed (estate inventories) of the Kasselrij Ieper and the Land van Wijnendale, and, for the Deschacht line, of the Brugse Vrije (second series) and the Ardooie series. Entries used: index/svg_wijnendale_dewulf.txt, index/svg_three_records.json. The inventories themselves have not been seen; they are at the Rijksarchief Brugge (see REQUEST_RA_BRUGGE_staten_van_goed.md). In the Kasselrij Ieper part of the index every date stands one line too early, against the inventory before the one it belongs to; this was checked against burial registers eight times (S12, S64; chapter 2, notes 7a and 14).
• S23. Aldfaer pedigree of Ingrid Monique Dewulf, 11 generations, printed 7 July 2019 (maker unknown). Grade D. Text: raw/kwartierstaat_2019_aldfaer.txt. Its generations 7-10 belong to a different family (chapter 4).
• S24. FamilySearch Family Tree of the author (read-only, 2026-09-22). Grade D.

Historical background

• S30. Inventaris Onroerend Erfgoed, "Parochiekerk Sint-Pietersbanden", Torhout (erfgoedobject 87619); Wikipedia (Dutch), "Sint-Pietersbandenkerk (Torhout)".
• S31. Inventaris Onroerend Erfgoed, "Torhout" (theme 14712) and "Historische stadskern van Torhout" (140014).
• S32. State Archives of Belgium, finding aid of the archive of the Land van Wijnendale (INV 84), note under no. 415; finding aid "Brugse Vrije. Staten van goed. Derde reeks" (TBO 112).
• S33. Canon van Vlaanderen, "The Potato Crisis"; FARO, "Le mal flamand: hongersnood in de 19e eeuw"; Centrum Agrarische Geschiedenis, "Meer dan één crisis".
• S34. Torhout Vandaag, "Het eerste jaar van de Groote Oorlog in Torhout"; VRT NWS, "16-10-1918: Belgen nemen Torhout in"; Wikipedia (Dutch), "(Oud) Stadhuis Torhout".

• S35. Wikipedia (Dutch), "Verenigde Departementen" and "Franse Tijd in België".

• S36. Wikipedia (English), "Battle of Wijnendale"; Wikipedia (Dutch), "Slag bij Wijnendale".

• S37. Wikipedia (Dutch), "Geschiedenis van de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden" and "Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog"; Historiek, "De Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740-1748)".
• S38. Wikipedia (Dutch), "Boerenkrijg"; Historiek, "De Boerenkrijg (1798)".
• S39. Inventaris Onroerend Erfgoed, "Station Torhout" (87586); Wikipedia (Dutch), "Spoorlijn 66", "Station Torhout".
• S40. Familiegeschiedenis.be, "Conscriptielijst (militieregister)"; Wikipedia (Dutch), "Militaire vervanging".
• S41. Centrum Agrarische Geschiedenis, "Agricultural Invasion"; Wikipedia (Dutch), "Landbouwcrisis (1878-1895)".
• S42. Inventaris Onroerend Erfgoed, "Kortemark" (theme 14741) and "Parochiekerk Sint-Bartholomeus" (38300); Kerknet, "Geschiedenis Sint-Bartholomeuskerk".
• S43. Handzame, Sint-Jan-Baptist parish, alphabetical tables of baptisms, marriages and burials 1628-1796 (made from the old registers), FamilySearch film 8412628 (film 291040): baptisms images 111 and 113 (Pateel, Plateel), marriages image 220 (Plateel), burials image 295 (Dewulf). The Handzame registers themselves before 1752 are not online.
• S44. Zarren, Sint-Dionysius parish, burials 1704-1709 and 1709-1732, FamilySearch film 8119464 (film 293334), images 174-191 and 305-314 (read to October 1718). Log: evidence/zarren_burials_1704_1718_scan.md.
• S45. Moere, Sint-Blasius parish, baptisms, marriages and burials 1691-1734 (vol. 3), FamilySearch film 8413058 (film 293080), images 381-389 and 426.
• S46. Handzame, Sint-Hadrianus parish, baptisms 1752-1775 (AGATHA 32952, IIIF 513_9000_000_00306_000), images 0_0003-0_0121; every Lust and Dewulf entry read on these pages is cropped in records/.
• S47. Torhout, civil registration, deaths 1894, act 27 (Desiderius Dewulf, 29 January 1894), FamilySearch film 1386099 (DGS 4832506), image 744.
• S48. Torhout, civil registration, marriages 1903, act 57 (Victor Dewulf and Flavia Maria Theresia Muylle, 18 November 1903), FamilySearch DGS 4167696, image 32; year table at image 40.
• S49. Arrondissement Brugge, ten-year tables of births, marriages and deaths: Slijpe-Torhout 1901-1910 (FamilySearch DGS 5819302) and 1911-1920 (DGS 102648032), Torhout deaths under H.
• S50. Hooglede, Sint-Amandus parish, registers vol. 1 (baptisms and banns 1605-1662) and vol. 2 (baptisms, banns and burials 1627-1647), FamilySearch DGS 7944201 (film 1143330), images 46-50, 71-109, 162-287 and 368-378.
• S51. Gits, Sint-Jacob-de-Meerdere parish, baptisms 1619-1673, FamilySearch film 8412624 (film 291036), images 46 and 48.
• S52. Torhout, Sint-Pietersbanden parish, burials 1791 (AGATHA 37715, volume 513_9000_000_01136_000, image 0_0113): Joanna De Vuldere, died 19 and buried 22 October 1791.
• S53. Werken, Sint-Martinus parish, baptisms 1642-1688 (AGATHA 38259, volume 513_9000_000_01205_000), images 0_0067-0_0075 (February 1669 - March 1673), read in full.
• S54. Koekelare, Sint-Martinus parish, baptisms 1635-1643 (AGATHA 33733, volume 513_9000_000_00440_000), images 0_0130-0_0145.
• S55. Geert Tavernier, Echtparen vermeld in de wezenakten van de heerlijkheid Kortemark 1527-1680, 1710-1787 (GeneaScript, geneaknowhow.net, 2021; CC BY-NC), an index of couples to Paul Coghe, De wezerijakten van de heerlijkheid Kortemark, 2 vols (VVF Brugge, 1989-1990); originals in the municipal archive of Kortemark. Local copy: raw/literature/Kortemark_wezenakten_Coghe.pdf.
• S56. Geert Tavernier, Regesten weesregisters Brugse Vrije, Westkwartier 1614-1699 (Database Akten West-Vlaanderen, vrijwilligersrab.be; GeneaScript, geneaknowhow.net), abstracts of the orphan registers of the Brugse Vrije, State Archives at Bruges, nos 16533-16545. Local copy: raw/literature/BrugseVrije_wezenregisters_West_1614_1699.pdf. The Noordkwartier (1538-1796) and Westkwartier 1700-1796 volumes and the deeds regesten 1545-1575 and 1581-1649 were searched too.
• S57. Jabbeke, Sint-Blasius parish, registers (AGATHA): baptisms 1725-1748 (33480, volume 513_9000_000_00379_000), marriages 1725-1755 (33479, same volume), baptisms 1755-1769 (33481, volume 00380), burials 1770-1779 (33487, volume 00383), burials 1780-1783 (33493, volume 00384).
• S58. Wingene, Sint-Amandus parish, registers (AGATHA): baptisms 1700-1714 (38761, volume 513_9000_000_01276_000), burials 1722-1747 (38799, volume 01295).
• S59. Tielt, Sint-Petrus parish, registers (AGATHA): register 2, baptisms 1637-1655 (41312, volume 513_9000_001_00799_000); register 3, marriages and baptisms 1655-1671 (41321/41322, volume 513_9000_001_00800_000); register 4, baptisms and marriages 1666-1683 (41339 etc., volume 00801); register 6, baptisms, marriages and burials 1684-1699 (41352, volume 00804). Originals in the Tielt city archive.
• S60. Zerkegem, Sint-Vedastus parish, baptisms, marriages and burials 1781-1797 (AGATHA 39272/39273, volume 513_9000_000_01395_000).
• S62. Koekelare, Sint-Martinus parish, baptisms 1619-1635 (AGATHA 33723, volume 513_9000_000_00439_000).
• S61. Civil registration on AGATHA: Zerkegem 1797-1840 (52002, volume 513_9999_999_1386188_000) and 1841-1880 (52012, volume 1386244); Bekegem 1830-1867 (49899, volume 1226331) and 1871-1900 (51637, volume 1383066); Zedelgem 1854-1865 (51997, volume 1386184) and following.
• S63. Snellegem, Sint-Eligius parish, baptisms 1685-1755 (AGATHA 37242, volume 513_9000_000_01069_000).
• S64. Hooglede, Sint-Amandus parish, burials 1732-1780 (AGATHA 76387, volume 516_1079_000_00240_000, a Rijksarchief Kortrijk series): 16 September 1761 (image 0_0083_r) and 12 February 1762 (image 0_0084_r).
• S65. Zedelgem, civil registration 1914-1916 (FamilySearch image group 102866368, "Belgium, West Vlaanderen, Zedelgem, Registers van de Burgerlijke Stand, 1808-1920", catalog olib:1479542): yearly table 1915 (images 238-240), yearly table 1916 (images 335-336), birth act no. 69 of 1916 (image 277).
• S66. Geert Tavernier, Regesten weesregisters Brugse Vrije, Noordkwartier 1700-1796 (Database Akten West-Vlaanderen, vrijwilligersrab.be; GeneaScript, geneaknowhow.net), abstracts of the orphan registers of the Brugse Vrije, State Archives at Bruges, BE-A0513 / INV 15-16, registers 16499-16515. Local copy: raw/literature/BrugseVrije_wezenregisters_Noord_1700_1796.pdf; the entries for the name Schacht are collected in network/deschacht_regesten_digest.txt.

Background notes with these citations: context/CONTEXT_NOTES.md. - S67. Wikipedia (Dutch), articles "Torhout", "Lichtervelde", "Slag bij Wijnendale", "Kortemark", consulted 18 October 2026; text saved in raw/context/. Background only.